In this paper we present a mechanical model that intends to captures the kinematical aspects of thrust fault related folds induced by regionalscale farfield contraction. The chapters include kinematic and geometric analyses of fault propagation folding, trishear folding, detachment folding, wedge thrust fold systems, and basementinvolved thrust systems. These data document fold growth within a discrete kink band that narrows. Erosion can remove part of the overlying block, creating a fenster or. Thrust faultrelated folds form numerous important hydrocarbon traps in subaerial and deepwater fold and thrust belts as well as in inversion fold and thrust belts. Thrust faults commonly are associated with folds that grow in amplitude as underlying faults slip 6, 22, 64, 77. Analysis of fold and faultrelated fracture systems. I am also involved in science curriculum development projects. The folds formed above lowangle thrust faults that cut clayrich shales in the lower part of the kaskapau formation. Wilmington thrust and consumed in the folding in the anticline. Insights from sandbox modeling danping yan 1, yanbo xu, zhoubin dong1, liang qiu, sen zhang, and michael wells2 1state key laboratory for geological processes and mineral resources, china university of geosciences, beijing, china, 2department of geoscience, university of nevada, las vegas, las vegas, nevada, usa. Seismic interpretation in foldand thrust belts using fault related folding techniques advanced fault related folding methods introduction to petroleum systems structural interpretation of contractional fault related folds. With students i am working on kinematics and rates of fault related folding recorded by growth strata in the pyrenees. The chapters include kinematic and geometric analyses of faultpropagation folding, trishear folding, detachment folding, wedgethrust fold systems, and basementinvolved thrust systems.
In the southern naryn basin and directly to the south the tien shan of kyrgyzstan represent a zone of of the naryn river, an array of thrusts and faultrelated. On the basis of this association, the southwestern segment of the longmen shan, south of the wenchuan earthquake. Suppe, 2005, seismic interpretation of contractional faultrelated folds. The 16 chapters presented in this memoir cover some of the recent advances made in the descriptions and analysis of thrust related fold systems. Fracture patterns evolution in sandbox faultrelated anticlines. Earthquakebyearthquake fold growth above the puente. Many of the models are predicated on the concept that, during folding, rocks migrate through axial surfaces that.
Fault displacementdistance relationships as indicators of contractional fault related folding style we present a method of using fault displacementdistance profiles to distinguish fault bend, shear fault bend, and fault propagation folds, and use these insights to guide balanced and retrodeformable interpretations of these structures. A second group of traps is caused by diapirs, where salt or mud have moved upward and domed the overlying strata, causing many individual types of trap. Memoir 94 thrust faultrelated folds form numerous important hydrocarbon traps in subaerial and deepwater fold and thrust belts as well as in inversion fold. Faultrelated fold styles and progressions in foldthrust belts. San andres formation guadalupian, middle permian, last chance canyon, new mexico. Memoir 94 thrust fault related folds form numerous important hydrocarbon traps in subaerial and deepwater fold and thrust belts as well as in inversion fold and thrust belts. Mechanical aspects of thrust faulting driven by farfield. Resolving how blind thrusts propagate upward and laterally thus depends on our ability to restore faultrelated fold, typically based on analysis of synorogenic sediments. Typical thrust belts with coexisted structural styles of faultrelated folds and assemblages. Recognizing the geometries of faultrelated fold structures are vital for understanding how thrust faults propagate and how active surface structures may be linked to the thrust faulting at depth. Structural interpretation, field mapping, and interpretation of lidar data sets have yielded the following new discoveries. The 16 chapters presented in this memoir cover some of the recent advances made in the descriptions and analysis of thrustrelated fold systems.
Models of simple buxtorflike detachment folds such as that of poblet and mcclay shown in figure 2 might be called toy models in the sense that they attempt to reduce detachment folding to its essential behavior, especially from a massbalance perspective. Sub thrust traps occur in over thrust belt where the deformed reservoir forms a trap below a thrust fault. Liag, stilleweg 2, d30655 hannover, germany faultrelated folding means the contemporaneous evolution of folds as a consequence of fault movement. Quaternary folding in the south piedmont of central. The purposes of this association are to advance the science of geology. Rapid change in dips on synclinal axis little long canyon fault near head of little long canyon.
Fault displacementdistance relationships as indicators of contractional faultrelated folding style we present a method of using fault displacementdistance profiles to distinguish faultbend, shear faultbend, and faultpropagation folds, and use these insights to guide balanced and retrodeformable interpretations of these structures. See abstract and download pdf files of luisas thesis 2004 download pdf of abstract submited to the viii congress on petroleum exploration in the subandean basins, cartagena, sep. The denali fault system is widely recognized as transpressional due to the presence of the denali fault, a major, active, rightlateral fault, and subparallel zones of thrust faults and fault related folding along both the north and south flanks of the alaska range. Comparison of faultrelated folding algorithms to restore. Some sub thrust traps are complexly faulted, and others are quite simple and relatively undeformed. It has long been recognized that foldandthrust belts exhibit a variety of faultrelated folding styles rodgers, 1990, rodgers, 1991, poblet and lisle, 2011, yet the mechanical conditions that contribute to these differences are not well understood. Classic foldthrust structures within carboniferousage strata at broadhaven. This memoir presents 16 papers on new advances in the analysis and understanding of thrust related fold systems including detachment folds, thrust fault propagation folds, wedge. Factors that control the development of faultbend versus.
Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Isotope geochemistry of fault zone samples from the. Faultrelated folds are, in general, due to the changes in fault parameters. The structure consists of overlapping thrust sheets that repeat a sedimentary succession comprising folded cambrian to mississippian clastic and carbonate units unconformably overlain by tertiary volcanic rocks figures 3 and 4. Improved seismic imaging combined with theoretical, numerical, and analog modeling, plus the detailed field studies as presented in this volume, indicates the range of challenges and the strategies that can be brought to bear in integrating the wellestablished geometric and kinematic models of thrust faultrelated folding with mechanical models to account for the natural complexities of realworld structures.
By making the assumption that large earthquakes release the majority of the accumulated moment for the wilmington and compton faults, we can calculate the recurrence interval. The thrust load causes subsidence of the foreland basin thrusts follow weak layers detachments and cut strong layers ramps shape of the fault determines shape of folds above thrust can repeat the stratigraphic section fault strain can be taken up by folding above thrust sheets move like a propagating dislocation. Similarly, ringshaped thrust fault related folds e. Sequence stratigraphic and structural interpretation and modeling in the national petroleum reserve in alaska npra. This memoir presents 16 papers on new advances in the analysis and understanding of thrustrelated fold systems including detachment folds.
A thrust fault is a type of reverse fault that has a dip of 45 degrees or less if the angle of the fault plane is lower often less than 15 degrees from the horizontal and the displacement of the overlying block is large often in the kilometer range the fault is called an overthrust or overthrust fault. Faultrelated folds hold the key to understanding the three dimensional growth of otherwise inaccessible blind thrust faults. Pdf link pdf add to citation manager kinematics of a hybrid thickthinskinned fold and thrust belt recorded in neogene syntectonic wedgetop basins, southern central andes between 35 and 36s, malargue, argentina. Chapter 2 describes active thrust sheet deformation across the tugulu anticline, which sits in the hanging wall of the sjt, from late quaternary to present. These few basic rules are valid only if the thrust area was not deformed i. The lewis thrust fault and related structures in the.
Structural interpretation of the coseismic faults of the. Our understanding of the mechanics of fault related folding, and of modelling methods, comes from studies of the deformation associated with recent large earthquakes. Memoir 94 thrust faultrelated folds form numerous important hydrocarbon traps in subaerial and deepwater fold and thrust belts as well as in inversion fold and thrust belts. The significance of these studies for understanding the wind river thrust are now discussed. Fold shapes may be the only surface evidence of the geometry of underlying faults, so complex fault interactions are assessed in terms of how they influence fold geometry.
The western one, which is an area of low relief, is dominated by finegrained turbitides representing the footwall block. Meaning of faults classification and types of faults fault. Two contrasting kinematic styles of active folding above thrust ramps, western taiwan. The fieldbased analysis of thrustrelated folds spectacularly exposed in the gran sasso thrust system, central apennines of italy. Geol341 contractional systems thrust faults what kind of. I lead an international group working on tectonics and landscape evolution in the betic cordillera, spain. Folding and thrust faulting are the primary mechanisms for. Thrust faultrelated folding mcclay, kenneth r suppe. Seismic interpretation in foldandthrust belts using faultrelated folding techniques advanced faultrelated folding methods introduction to petroleum systems structural interpretation of contractional faultrelated folds.
Experimental and field study of the effects of lithological. Sequence stratigraphic and structural interpretation and. Characterization of the wilmington blindthrust fault for. The principal types of fault related anticlines are.
It is a common deformation process in the upper crust that occurs worldwide in accretionary wedges, fold and thrust belts, and intra. This memoir presents 16 papers on new advances in the analysis and understanding of thrustrelated fold systems including detachment folds, thrustfault propagation folds, wedge thrustrelated fold systems, and. Basically, therefore, structural traps are caused by folding and faulting. Request pdf introduction to thrust faultrelated folding the 16 chapters presented in this memoir cover some of the recent advances made in the descriptions and analysis of thrustrelated fold. In the southern naryn basin and directly to the south the tien shan of kyrgyzstan represent a zone of of the naryn river, an array of thrusts and fault related. Faultrelated fold styles and progressions in foldthrust. Introduction to thrust faultrelated folding request pdf. This deformation phases are folding resulted from zagros ne contraction and reactivation of the basement fault rotated the fold axial trace within the hendijanizeh fault zone. Evolution of faultrelated folds in the contractional toe of the deepwater niger delta by. An aapg seismic atlas, american association of petroleum. Faultrelated folding interpretation of the state lands. The american association of petroleum geologists is an international organization with over 38,000 members in 100plus countries. Kinematic and thermal history of the verkhoyansk fold and thrust belt eastern siberia funded by exxonmobil.
Laramide thrust faultrelated folding accommodated by slipped deformation bands in dakota group sandstones, canon city, colorado. This memoir presents 16 papers on new advances in the analysis and understanding of thrustrelated fold systems including detachment folds, thrustfault propagation folds, wedge. Pdf blind thrusts and faultrelated folds in the upper. Evolution of faultrelated folds in the contractional toe. Thus the simplest method to produce folds is to transport material along faults that have stepped, flatrampflat geometries faultbend fold model. Effects of faulting on geologic or stratigraphic units 7. Quaternary folding in the south piedmont of central segment.
The thrust activity induced the intense deformation of the hanging wall strata and the widespread thrust fault related folding sotiropoulos 2005, figure 4. The hot fluids migrated into the anticlinorium when the livingstone thrust cut through steep enetrending reactivated faults that were conduits for the basement fluids. This memoir presents 16 papers on new advances in the analysis and understanding of thrust related fold systems including detachment folds, thrust fault propagation folds, wedge thrust related fold systems, and basement. Active folding and blind thrust faulting induced by basin inversion. Mass balance and thrusting in detachment folds thrust. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. Mcclay and others published thrust faultrelated folding find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. In a coeval fault system similar to that shown in figure 6e, the shallow thrust would offset the inactive axial surface a. Active deformation over multiple earthquake cycles in the. An eastverging asymmetric syncline occurs, with a long forelimb gently dipping to the east. Structural geology team, chevron exploration technology company. While some foldandthrust belts are characterized by a predominant structural style, in most cases, the two most common classes of fault. Here we discuss several additional models of detachment folding, including opensystem behavior with 3 farfield flow of the weak basal layer, 4 roof detachments above the basal layer, and 5 roof ramps above the basal layer such as the folded thrust fault of the grenchenberg anticline.
Such models do not seek to include all the complexities of actual detachment folds such as the mountainside example in the canadian rockies. Research in structure and tectonics west virginia university. Isotopic compositions of fault related veins and host rocks. Thrust fault related folds form numerous important hydrocarbon traps in subaerial and deepwater fold and thrust belts as well as in inversion fold and thrust belts. Comparison of faultrelated folding algorithms to restore a.
Erth2004 deformation and structural geology rod holcombe. Image logs of wells in the rag sefid anticline show two systems of fractures developed under two deformation phase in the dezful embayment. Earthquakebyearthquake fold growth above the puente hills. The coalescence and spatial variability of different thrustrelated folding mechanisms involving the same mechanical multilayer along a curved thrust system are documented in this study. Alternatively the slip can decrease along the faults length, which is either compensated by folding at the fault tip, if the fault cuts through. Patterns of imbricate thrusting harvard university. However, this faultrelated fold configuration also is viable in systems where deep and shallow faults slip simultaneously.
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